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Một chút script cơ bản về python:

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🟢 1. In ra màn hình​



<span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Hello, world!"</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Xin chào"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"bạn"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"nhé"</span></span><span>)<br></span></span>



🟢 2. Biến (Variables)​




<span><span>name = </span><span><span>"Don"</span></span><span><br>age = </span><span><span>15</span></span><span><br>height = </span><span><span>1.75</span></span><span><br>is_student = </span><span><span>True</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 3. Kiểu dữ liệu cơ bản​




<span><span>x = </span><span><span>10</span></span><span> </span><span><span># int</span></span><span><br>y = </span><span><span>3.14</span></span><span> </span><span><span># float</span></span><span><br>name = </span><span><span>"Python"</span></span><span> </span><span><span># str</span></span><span><br>is_cool = </span><span><span>True</span></span><span> </span><span><span># bool</span></span><span><br>z = </span><span><span>None</span></span><span> </span><span><span># NoneType</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 4. Toán học cơ bản​




<span><span>a = </span><span><span>10</span></span><span><br>b = </span><span><span>3</span></span><span><br><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a + b) </span><span><span># cộng</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a - b) </span><span><span># trừ</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a * b) </span><span><span># nhân</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a / b) </span><span><span># chia</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a // b) </span><span><span># chia lấy nguyên</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a % b) </span><span><span># chia lấy dư</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(a ** b) </span><span><span># lũy thừa</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 5. Nhập dữ liệu từ bàn phím​




<span><span>name = </span><span><span>input</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Tên bạn là gì: "</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Xin chào"</span></span><span>, name)<br></span></span>

Mặc định input() trả về chuỗi (string).
Nếu muốn thành số:



<span><span>age = </span><span><span>int</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>input</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Nhập tuổi: "</span></span><span>))<br></span></span>



🟢 6. Câu điều kiện​




<span><span>age = </span><span><span>int</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>input</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Tuổi của bạn: "</span></span><span>))<br><br></span><span><span>if</span></span><span> age &gt;= </span><span><span>18</span></span><span>:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Bạn là người lớn."</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>elif</span></span><span> age &gt;= </span><span><span>13</span></span><span>:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Bạn là thiếu niên."</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>else</span></span><span>:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Bạn là trẻ con."</span></span><span>)<br></span></span>



🟢 7. Vòng lặp​




<span><span><span>for</span></span><span> i </span><span><span>in</span></span><span> </span><span><span>range</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>5</span></span><span>):<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Lần thứ:"</span></span><span>, i)<br></span></span>

range(5) = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4



🟢 8. Vòng lặp​




<span><span>count = </span><span><span>0</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>while</span></span><span> count &lt; </span><span><span>5</span></span><span>:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Đếm:"</span></span><span>, count)<br> count += </span><span><span>1</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 9. Danh sách (List)​




<span><span>fruits = [</span><span><span>"apple"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"banana"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"cherry"</span></span><span>]<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(fruits[</span><span><span>0</span></span><span>]) </span><span><span># apple</span></span><span><br>fruits.append(</span><span><span>"orange"</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>len</span></span><span>(fruits))<br></span><span><span>for</span></span><span> f </span><span><span>in</span></span><span> fruits:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(f)<br></span></span>



🟢 10. Tuple (giống list nhưng không thay đổi được)​




<span><span>colors = (</span><span><span>"red"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"green"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"blue"</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(colors[</span><span><span>1</span></span><span>])<br></span></span>



🟢 11. Từ điển (Dictionary)​




<span><span>person = {</span><span><span>"name"</span></span><span>: </span><span><span>"Don"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"age"</span></span><span>: </span><span><span>15</span></span><span>}<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(person[</span><span><span>"name"</span></span><span>])<br>person[</span><span><span>"city"</span></span><span>] = </span><span><span>"Hanoi"</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 12. Tập hợp (Set)​




<span><span>nums = {</span><span><span>1</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>2</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>3</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>3</span></span><span>}<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(nums) </span><span><span># {1, 2, 3}</span></span><span><br>nums.add(</span><span><span>4</span></span><span>)<br></span></span>



🟢 13. Hàm (Function)​




<span><span><span>def</span></span><span> </span><span><span>greet</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>name</span></span><span>):<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Xin chào"</span></span><span>, name)<br><br>greet(</span><span><span>"Don"</span></span><span>)<br></span></span>



🟢 14. Hàm có giá trị trả về​




<span><span><span>def</span></span><span> </span><span><span>add</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>a, b</span></span><span>):<br> </span><span><span>return</span></span><span> a + b<br><br>result = add(</span><span><span>5</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>3</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(result)<br></span></span>



🟢 15. Import thư viện​




<span><span><span>import</span></span><span> math<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(math.sqrt(</span><span><span>25</span></span><span>)) </span><span><span># căn bậc 2</span></span><span><br><br></span><span><span>import</span></span><span> random<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(random.randint(</span><span><span>1</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>10</span></span><span>)) </span><span><span># số ngẫu nhiên</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 16. Xử lý lỗi (try/except)​




<span><span><span>try</span></span><span>:<br> x = </span><span><span>int</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>input</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Nhập số: "</span></span><span>))<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>10</span></span><span> / x)<br></span><span><span>except</span></span><span> ZeroDivisionError:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Không chia được cho 0!"</span></span><span>)<br></span><span><span>except</span></span><span> ValueError:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Phải nhập số nha!"</span></span><span>)<br></span></span>



🟢 17. Làm việc với chuỗi (string)​




<span><span>text = </span><span><span>"python is fun"</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(text.upper()) </span><span><span># VIẾT HOA</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(text.title()) </span><span><span># Viết Hoa Đầu Từ</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(text.replace(</span><span><span>"fun"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"cool"</span></span><span>))<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"python"</span></span><span> </span><span><span>in</span></span><span> text) </span><span><span># True</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 18. Đọc & ghi file​




<span><span><span># Ghi file</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>with</span></span><span> </span><span><span>open</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"data.txt"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"w"</span></span><span>) </span><span><span>as</span></span><span> f:<br> f.write(</span><span><span>"Hello Python!"</span></span><span>)<br><br></span><span><span># Đọc file</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>with</span></span><span> </span><span><span>open</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"data.txt"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>"r"</span></span><span>) </span><span><span>as</span></span><span> f:<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(f.read())<br></span></span>



🟢 19. Danh sách hiểu (List comprehension)​




<span><span>squares = [x*x </span><span><span>for</span></span><span> x </span><span><span>in</span></span><span> </span><span><span>range</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>5</span></span><span>)]<br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(squares) </span><span><span># [0, 1, 4, 9, 16]</span></span><span><br></span></span>



🟢 20. Lớp & đối tượng (OOP cơ bản)​




<span><span><span>class</span></span><span> </span><span><span>Person</span></span><span>:<br> </span><span><span>def</span></span><span> </span><span><span>__init__</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>self, name, age</span></span><span>):<br> self.name = name<br> self.age = age<br><br> </span><span><span>def</span></span><span> </span><span><span>say_hi</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>self</span></span><span>):<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Xin chào, mình là"</span></span><span>, self.name)<br><br>p = Person(</span><span><span>"Don"</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>15</span></span><span>)<br>p.say_hi()<br></span></span>



🟢 21. Mô-đun riêng (file tách ra)​


📁 Ví dụ:


  • main.py
  • mytools.py



<span><span><span># mytools.py</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>def</span></span><span> </span><span><span>hello</span></span><span>():<br> </span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>"Xin chào từ module!"</span></span><span>)<br><br></span><span><span># main.py</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>import</span></span><span> mytools<br>mytools.hello()<br></span></span>



🟢 22. Một vài thủ thuật nhỏ​




<span><span><span># Gán nhanh nhiều biến</span></span><span><br>x, y, z = </span><span><span>1</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>2</span></span><span>, </span><span><span>3</span></span><span><br><br></span><span><span># Đảo giá trị</span></span><span><br>x, y = y, x<br><br></span><span><span># Kiểm tra kiểu</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>type</span></span><span>(x))<br><br></span><span><span># In đẹp</span></span><span><br></span><span><span>print</span></span><span>(</span><span><span>f"Tên: <span>{name}</span></span></span><span>, Tuổi: </span><span><span>{age}</span></span><span>")<br></span></span>



✅ Tổng kết:​


Nếu bạn nắm chắc 22 phần trên, bạn đã hiểu 100% nền tảng Python 🎯
Từ đó bạn có thể học dễ dàng:


  • Làm game (pygame)
  • Làm web (flask, django)
  • Làm AI (tensorflow, pytorch)
  • Làm data (pandas, matplotlib)
 

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